Universal Brotherhood

Theosophical Siftings Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 Universal Brotherhood by Alexander Fullerton A paper read before the Aryan T. S. of New York, by Alexander Fullerton Published by the Theosophical Publishing Services, Duke Street, Adelphi 1889. Reprinted from â€Å"Theosophical Siftings† Volume 2 The Theosophical Publishing Society, England THE term â€Å"Universal Brotherhood † is obviously an extension to the whole human family of the idea in the word â€Å"brother†, a child of the same parents as is oneself.It suggests at once the thought of equal rights, common interests, mutual affection, and responsive care. Moreover, it incites an exhilarating conception of what might be the state of things throughout the earth if family tenderness were the law of all life, if race and tribal animosities were ended, and if everyone felt a wrong perpetrated on a foreigner as keenly as if perpetrated on a relation. This is the true view of human solidarity, and a vivid apprehension of it would abolish national wars, social outrages, and personal injustice.Its unlimited influence in securing peace and good-will was seen by the founders of the Theosophical Society, and they proclaimed it as the very first of their and its aims, not as a gracious sentiment, not as a pleasing phrase, but as a principle of action, a means of social regeneration. If we did not believe in it, there would be no Aryan society, there would be no meeting tonight. And yet the very fact that it is a principle and not a sentiment warrants some examination into its nature.If a principle, it must have a root, must sustain analogy to other principles, must be capable of practical uses, and also must be subject to limitations and just restrictions. As the term â€Å"Universal Brotherhood † is derivative, we may properly look for these in the primary, and thus infer facts as to the universal human family from facts in the domestic families which epitomize it. Now, when we co me to search for that which constitutes the cohesive influence in a family, we shall find it, I think, to be none other than that which constitutes cohesive influence anywhere else — affinity. It cannot be the mere fact of relationship.That is altogether casual. We do not select our relations, any more than we select our temperament. Nor can it be the closeness of association. That is quite as likely to arouse hostility as friendship; and, indeed, the peculiar bitterness of family quarrels is proverbial. Nor can it be the consciousness of common parentage, for the parents may be distasteful and anything but a source of harmony. Nor can it be the likeness of disposition, for the dissimilarity of traits in children is notorious. Nor is it any necessary oneness of interest, for [Page 4] interests in a household are very apt to be conflicting and to excite animosity.Nor need it be an instinct of union against aggressors, for that would only operate in barbarous communities or tho se under feudal laws. But if it is no one of these things, what is it ? Here, again, we must peer into actual families and so learn. Our own observation will show us that, where the family tie is very strong, it is where the members have the same tastes, ideas, pursuits, aims. Where the family tie is loose, it is where the members have variant convictions, differ in likes and habits, hold to separate standards of faith or duty. Where certain Page 1 Theosophical Siftings Universal BrotherhoodVol 2, No 5 members are in one group and certain others in a second, it is seen that in each case some common sympathy — in opinion, taste, what not — cements the units. And where, as is not infrequently the case, some one member is unlike the rest, and finds his associates wholly without the domestic circle, it is because the family character is not his, and his social wants must be met elsewhere. There is no mystery in any of this; it is all an illustration of the workings of affi nity. And affinity, as every Occult student insists, is like every other force, far stronger in the immaterial regions of mind and oul than on the material plane of flesh and blood. In other words, the attraction between two sympathetic souls is incomparably more powerful than that between two bodies which happen to have had the same parents. But what, still further, is the ground-work for this affinity ? Analyzing affinities, we find that all such as are purely selfish or distinctly bad in quality can be but transient. That rogues will sooner or later fall out is a maxim, but it is no less true that associations for self-interest are fragile just in the degree that each party feels his own interest to be supreme.Conversely, the enduring ties are those between men of finer mould, where principle has recognition and force, where high sentiments of justice and generosity rule, where, in short, egoism is subordinated to altruism. The unity subsisting between the sympathetic members of a household must have its root in such qualities, or it will not last long. The only security for the continuance of affinities is, therefore, in the goodness of each party. If these are the facts in a domestic circle, they must be the facts in the universal human family, the â€Å"Brotherhoodâ€Å" of which Theosophy speaks. Affinity determines the coherence of its particles.We do not expect the sage to consort with the fool, the intelligent to delight in the stupid, the broad minded to sympathize with the petty, the refined with the rough, the generous with the mean, the tactful with the blundering, the cheery with the gruntling Mrs. Gummidges, the high principled with the low principled. Like naturally, and very properly, seeks like. The mere fact that two men each possess a human nature is not of itself a very strong bond, for they may not agree as to what constitutes human nature, or as to its really valuable qualities, or as to the aim of existence or how it is to be pursued .The affinity, and therefore the attraction, begins where a similar opinion, taste, desire, faculty manifests itself, when, as we say, they have [Page 5] â€Å"something in common†. There must be somewhat of interest in a person, or he will not be interesting. So also, in the human brother as in the family brother, the duration of the attraction depends upon the goodness of it. There is every variety of cohesion, from the slight and ephemeral relations on the lowest planes of life to the lofty intimacies of noble souls, such as are immortalized by history in the case of Damon and Pythias, and by sacred writings in the case of Jesus and St.John — may I not add the case of those two exalted beings whom Theosophists revere as the unseen prompters of their own Society, but whose names they do not lightly voice? Let it be understood most unflinchingly that Theosophy demands from each man to all men equal rights, constant courtesy, respect for feelings, kindly consideration, unstinting justice, ready help, unselfish effort. One unerring test of the Theosophic spirit is its persistency in according all these things.It is always the case, however, that the sentiment has to be bridled by reason, and the history of all philanthropic efforts shows that they are futile, if not injurious, where they defy considerations of equal reality, or ignore laws which are just as demonstrable as sympathies. Theosophy would be unique in human experience if it ran no such risks, or if it were always presented with the cool and balanced judgment of well-trained thinkers. Those of you who are au courant with Theosophical writings know how constantly the faculty of discrimination must be kept in use, and with what care one has to guard against Page 2Theosophical Siftings Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 faulty argument, or extreme positions, or one-sided statements. The doctrine of Universal Brotherhood is particularly an illustration, for it is a noble thought in itself, i t inspires rich pictures of future possibilities, and it holds just the sentiment which to a half-thinker appears unlimited in its scope. Hence, we encounter representations of it sometimes effusive, sometimes dogmatic, sometimes extravagant, very rarely such as are judicious and impartial.Now, in a general way, it may be said that no theory can be correct which of necessity contravenes any laws or facts clearly demonstrated. While the doctrine of Universal Brotherhood may be true, any particular exposition of its use is but a theory, and, as such, is subject to this criterion. We know for instance that justice, truth, the welfare of society, the operation of certain habits in social life, the superiority of principle to impulse, are facts, and that it is a law that they cannot be disregarded without harm. Any plan purporting to disregard them and yet void the harm traverses this law, and so, whatever plausibility it may wear is really fallacious. A true theory of Universal Brotherh ood, one which takes in these and cognates facts and laws, has nothing to fear when confronted with them. But it is in that confronting, that the error of a mistaken theory is brought to view, and, as â€Å"there is no religion higher than truth,† we Theosophists should rejoice in any process which discloses illusion or confirms reality. [Page 6] Let us take an illustration. We not infrequently meet the assertion that, because all men are brothers, tenderness is the only fitting treatment for them.This assumes seven things; ( 1) that all kinds of conduct are entitled to one kind of return; (2) that the same result is produced on unlike characters by a like treatment; (3) that the cultivation of a sense of justice is to be reserved for public officials, and has no place in private development; (4) that no collateral evils result from unmerited sympathy; (5) that we are wiser than Nature as she shows herself in her constant operations; ( 6) that a one-sided culture is better th an such as is symmetrical; ( 7) that a common nature in the lower human principles is more important than a common interest in the higher.Not one of these things is true. It is not the fact that the moral sense views all acts as of equal moral quality, and hence it cannot be the fact that it accords to them a like reward. It is not the fact that diverse natures respond in the same way to the same treatment, as every schoolhouse and every family can testify.It is not the fact that only judges are to cultivate and exhibit a sense of justice, for that sense — which is, indeed, the most abstract of all, the most difficult to attain, and the one indicative of the finest training — is precisely the one most effective in restraining aggression, and especially to be evolved in the interior development of every intelligent disciple. It is not the fact that indiscriminate tenderness draws no evils in its train, as may be shown by the statistics of either pauperism or criminality .It is not the fact that the sentimentalist effects more good than natural law, the whole doctrine of Karma being indirectly to the contrary. It is not the fact that we become more god-like if we educate our sympathies at the expense of our reason, and grow more rounded as we grow more flabby. It is not a fact that we are more truly at one with others because of having a fleshly body than because of a united spirit of life and truth. Nor, indeed, is this theory borne out by the state of things in family brotherhoods.There are good brothers and bad brothers. No one claims that they are to be regarded and treated alike. Much forbearance may naturally be exercised from good-will, but there of ten comes an occasion when the claims of justice, the rights of others, and the well-being of a whole household require that a member Page 3 Theosophical Siftings Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 shall be exiled and tabooed. Could anything be more monstrous than the claim that a brother, because a brother, was at liberty to ill-treat with impunity the rest of the family ?If your brother steals your property, can he ask you to save him from jail because your brother? You would probably reply that, that was a reason why he should refrain from robbing you, not a reason why he should be allowed to rob you and escape punishment. One can not claim the privileges of a relationship while repudiating its obligations, and it would be strange indeed if, the closer the connection, the more one was at liberty to poison and outrage it. Similarly as to the Universal Brotherhood.There are times when severity is [Page 7] a necessity. The great eternal law of Right is more cogent than any sentimental sympathy; the stern arm of Justice cannot be paralyzed by whimperings or regrets; the far-reaching needs of the whole family are more worthy of regard than the momentary compact of a scamp. We have no right to sacrifice the well- behaved to the ill-behaved, to juggle with the moral sense, to rev erse the moral standard and treat evil as if good. If Theosophy so taught us, it would be anything but a boon.I do not believe that it does. I do not believe that it teaches any doctrines enfeebling to the moral nerves or disastrous to the social life, and if it did, it would be contradicted by its own grand and fundamental principle — Karma, the vindication of justice. And so it is that tenderness is not always a duty. There are occasions when in speech, in act, in cooperative function, we are to resist and rebuke our brothers who are unbrotherly. A man does not lose his claim to proper treatment by becoming aTheosophist, and if he does not lose the claim, he does not lose the right to enforce the claim. Nor, in becoming a Theosophist, does he engage to close his eyes to truth of any kind or in any quarter, or to stupefy any department of his moral system, or to encourage onesidedness and disproportion. Theosophy, I take it, honours Aristides quite as truly as St. John. â₠¬Å"But†, you will say, â€Å"what scope does this leave for the operation of the fraternal sentiment ? † I reply, much every way, more than any of us will be likely to fulfil. Truth is many-sided.There is room for kindly allowance, for generous interpretation, for patience, and interest, and good-will. There is ample range for the philanthropic sentiment, for the fostering of all rich and noble charities, for the sunny beneficence which loves to shed happiness around. It by no means follows that because evil-doers have to be checked, nobody is to be cheered. If the bad forfeit your consideration, there are plenty remaining who do not. There is not the slightest danger that a benevolent spirit, however coupled with a discriminating mind, will find itself at loss for objects.If every other outlet failed, there would still be the work of the Theosophical Society, which certainly in its animus and its zeal to disseminate the most ennobling of motives cannot be surpassed in fraternal feeling. Each of us can participate in that, and so exemplify and expand the Brother principle. Yet, as in families, so in the broad human fraternity, the instinct of affinity will work. The Theosophist does not pretend that his greatest interest is in things upon the surrounding plane. It is rather his doctrine that higher planes are equally open to aspiration and vastly richer in satisfaction.His fuller sympathies most naturally go out to those who are like-minded. As a man of letters does not find much congeniality in the ignorant or the addle-brained, so neither does an etherialized nature in such as are dull to the immaterial. In the upper regions of thought and intuition there must be livelier motions of concurrent feeling, larger ranges for common effort, more inspiring topics for mind and heart. As the developing spirit ascends to higher plateaux, it meets fewer [Page 8] comrades, but it finds them more congenial.If the swarming mass of humanity remains below, it i s not his fault, but theirs. He does not discard the relationship, but he detects the finer qualities of it on his own level. And should any man complain that he does not secure Page 4 Theosophical Siftings Universal Brotherhood Vol 2, No 5 from the Theosophist that unlimited sympathy which the term â€Å"Universal Brotherhood† might seem to imply, the Theosophist might say to him, as the Adept says to the Theosophist, â€Å"Don't ask us to descend; come up here yourself†. Page 5

Critical Race Theory and Class Essay

The Critical Race Theory (CRT) defines a broader and more contextual way of looking at race relations, specifically in the United States, than the classical conventional civil rights perceptions of race and racism. The development of the critical race theory was in response to the increasing concern in the mid 1970s about the lethargic pace of change in laws to tackle civil rights issues and promote racial issues. â€Å"The development of critical race theory points to a new direction taken by civil rights activists in the wake of civil rights setbacks in the 1970s and 1980s when official government policy no longer supported an expansive civil rights agenda. † (Jones, 2002, pp. 1) As implied by its name, the Critical Race Theory is a critical way of looking at race relations. The Critical Race Theory looks beyond the gross violations of civil rights or instances of racial discriminations, and tries to focus on the subtle racial nuances that combine together to make up the milieu of civil rights violations in everyday life. These subtle racial nuances are termed micro-aggressions, and critical race theorists believe that it is the micro-aggressions that actually reveal the true extent of racism in the United States. â€Å"†¦everyday racism, in the form of micro-aggressions, is incessant and cumulative as practiced in everyday actions by individuals, groups, and institutional policy rules and administrative procedures† (Solorzano, 1998). The logic behind the Critical Race Theory is that while classical racism has subsided to a considerable extent, everyday racism has grown in its intensity and scope (Bell, 1992). According to the Critical Race theory, the laws and rules that are in place to curb racism apply only to the gross and extreme types of injustice and are largely ineffective in the case of micro-aggressions. Racism in its more subtle but equally detrimental and damaging form persists in the United States. â€Å"Formal equality can do little about the business-as-usual forms of racism that people of color confront every day and that account for much misery, alienation, and despair† (Parker, 2008). There are five basic tenets that guide the Critical Race Theory. First, racism is held to be a very normal, everyday phenomenon almost mundane by its frequency of occurrence. Racism is not an aberration in society, it is the rule. Racism is inherent in society. That is what makes racism so difficult to curb racism or cure society of it. The classical ideal behind ‘color blindness’, or the approach that did not take cognizance of color differences as envisioned by the civil rights movement of the 1960s is considered flawed as it makes the conventional racism rules and laws ineffective against the racism that is ingrained in the thought processes of individuals and in social structures. They are blind to discriminations against color inherent in society, and only serve to restrain the minorities in subordinate positions. The proponents of the theory believe that aggressive color-conscious efforts are required to change the present environment of racial discrimination. The second tenet of the theory is referred to as the ‘Interest Convergence’ and postulates that racism works to the advantage of both the elites and the working classes amongst the Whites, there is very little incentive or motivation amongst a large majority of the whites to curb racism. A large number of laws against racism is said to be passed only if they are found not to go against the interest of the dominant White community, and in no way deprives them of the advantages that had been accruing to them. Conversely, only those laws or rules which serve the self interests of the Whites are passed. The third very important theme of the Critical Race Theory is that race by itself has no biological, genetic or physical basis, but is largely a social construct. Race is a product of social, and it is defined by how society moulds the human mind. â€Å"Not objective, inherent, or fixed, they (races) correspond to no biological or genetic reality; rather, races are categories that society invents, manipulates, or retires when convenient. † (Delgado & Stefancic, 2000). This is because though people share certain physical and genetic traits such as hair texture and color, eye shape, average height, skin color, etc, they are mostly overridden by differences in the higher-order traits such as intelligence, behavior and personality. Society however chooses to club people into distinct racial groups, ignoring scientific facts and attributing hypothetical racial characteristics on these groups. According to the Differential Racialization perspective of the Critical Race Theory, the dominant group in a society ‘racializes’ different minority groups differently depending on changing conditions and needs. The stereotyping of the same minority group tends to vary over periods based on the requirement or utility of the group. The closely related notion of Intersectionality and Anti-essentialism in the Critical Race Theory states that every individual has multiple identities, loyalties and allegiances which could be potentially in conflict with each other. Finally, proponents of the Critical Race Theory believe in the thesis of the ‘unique voice of color’ – which states that oppressed groups, by dint of their experience of oppression are able to communicate to the dominant group matters that the dominant group may not be aware of. The ‘Legal Storytelling’ movement therefore encourages members of the oppressed groups to recount their experiences in the form of storytelling. The Critical Race Theory is a useful tool for analyzing the racial impact of laws and policies, their effectiveness and their shortcomings. Social Class and its Structure A society divides its people into distinct hierarchical groups based on their social and economic status. This hierarchical distinction or stratification of groups or individuals in any community or society is referred to as the system of social class, and each group or hierarchy within the system is known as a Social Class. Although most societies usually have some form of class structure, there are examples of societies, especially of the hunter-gatherer type, in which class distinctions are not to be found. Class is largely determined factors that influence social, economic and political status of the individual such as employment or occupation, education and qualification, wealth, ownership of property, means of production, etc. Although social class is not deemed to be hereditary, the status of the preceding generation usually influences the next generation which finds it comparatively easy to hold on to the same class or rise up to a higher class. Individuals may move from one class to the other because of change in economic, political and social status. This is known as Social Mobility. An individual experiences upward social mobility when she or he moves from a lower class to an upper class by dint of success in economic, social or political spheres; conversely, an individual experiences downward social mobility from an upper class to a lower class because of failure in economic, social or political life. There is intense debate over the theoretical definition of social class. Classes are usually identified on the basis of the most important criteria that differentiate classes in the society; the number of class hierarchies that exist, the extent to which the class structure is accorded recognition within the society. Classes are broadly defined as per the Realist approach and the Nominalist approach. A realist approach defines class in terms of distinct groups bounded by clear boundaries with which people identify themselves and adhere to. Interactions are primarily intra class. The nominalist definition of class however focuses more on the characteristics that are common to people in a given class. These characteristics are education, profession, political or social standing, etc. The nominalist class is not determined by social interactions, but by the exhibited characteristics of individuals. In whatever way we may define class, there is no contesting the fact that almost every action of an individual is influenced by class and class structure because the individual tends to behave according to the norms of the class that she or he belongs to. Class consciousness often also translates into political action. Therefore, â€Å"†¦the process of transformation of societies from one social system to another depends on the nature and dynamics of class relations and class struggles that are historically specific in accordance with a society’s dominant mode of production and its attendant superstructure. †(Berberoglu, 1994) There are different class structures in different societies. In the United States and Britain class is distinguished along economic parameters, and generically comprises the upper class, middle class and the lower class. The traditional caste system in India is based on the type of work of an individual. The kings and fighting princes belonged to the nobility, the priests, businessmen and the laborers all had their own classes. China and Japan had feudal classes. As the world is fast being transformed into a global village, traditional classes based on feudal or religious systems are changing in structure to those of economic or political classes. However, social classes retain their importance as determinants of the actions of all members in a large majority of the societies of the world. References -01 Bell, D. , A. , 1992, Faces at the bottom of the well: The Permanence of Racism. New York: Basic Books. Berberoglu, B. , 1994, Class Structure and Social Structure, Praeger Publishers, Westport. Delgado, R. , Stefancic, J. , Critical Race Theory, An Introduction, New York University Press. Jones B. , D. , 2002, Critical Race Theory: New Strategies for Civil Rights in the New Millennium, Harvard BlackLetter Law Journal, Volume 18. Parker, L. , 2008, Critical Race Theory and African Studies: Making Connections to Education, University of Illinois-Chicago Solorzano, D. , 1998, Critical race theory, racial and gender microaggressions, and the experiences of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International journal of qualitative studies in education.

Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Analytical Report - Essay Example The system will generate SMS messages to the subscribed students and faculty about the upcoming events taking place in SEECS UNIVERSITY. It will keep them informed about the class schedules and any activity taking pace in the institute. Messages will be automated and the administration will not have to write the content manually. Our system will be flexible so that the admin of the SEECS UNIVERSITY will be able to send the information of their choice and moderate it accordingly without any problems. The project will also contain a web portal where the students, faculty can interact with the interface. The web portal will maintain all the admin tasks. The students and faculty will have special forums to discuss about any activity, topic and sharing of ideas. Those forums will be accessible both through web and SMS. Problem Statement: SNS will be an automated SMS based notification system that will generate automatic notifications about upcoming events, class schedules, announcements. Our system will also enable the students to interact with each other via SMS and web based discussion forums. Students will also be able to get reminder about the class with location of the classroom. Main challenges in implementation are dissociation between different subscribers. Every subscriber will get message of only his/her related subscribed service. Ensuring security will also be another challenge. Our system will ensure absolutely no spamming. A centralized control is necessary to deploy that will be a major task. Masking the cell number of the sender will also be ensured in our system so that if someone does not want to expose his/her cell number to everyone will be able to do so. Related Work and Literature Survey: SEECS UNIVERSITY is already using NINS, an SMS notification system to notify the students about any activity. But this system lacks automation. There are some defined groups, the operation personnel have to select the groups, write the message manually and sen d it. There are no concepts of automatic timers, SMS alerts about any emergency, inter communication between students and faculty. There is no integration with â€Å"SEECS UNIVERSITY website† and event calendar updates are needed to be sent manually for notification. That means that if someone does not have internet access in a certain situation, He or She is unable to find about the event that is updated in the event calendar. Our proposed project will be automated. It will generate SMS alerts based on timers. A separate web portal will be maintained for the administration for registering, allowing deleting subscribers, student, faculty discussions because there is no user friendly and proper interface of NINS right now. Using our system the faculty will be able to get the reminders of their schedules, which right now is absent in NINS. A Student will be able to interact, using SMS service with the whole class wherever He or She might be even without internet access. Right n ow there is no such service provided by NINS. All the control is with the admin and a student cannot convey his message, important news or notification regarding any activity if He or She does not have a cell number of

Disability In Two Movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Disability In Two Movies - Essay Example These impairments may occur to different aspects of normal functioning which include cognitive, sensory, physical, or psychological development (Morrison 2010, p45). There are various types of disabilities. The most common types are physical disabilities such as handicap-which is large scale disability of almost all physical body parts, limb malfunctions, mental retardations, visual and hearing impairments. However, other forms such intellectual disabilities, cognitive ones and gustatory and olfactory impairments have been given little attention (Johnson 2008, p56). Various media have presented disability situations differently. Among them include popular media such as film. In the last three decades, the importance of raising attention to the situation has aroused a lot of public interest and consequently, such popular media (Thomson 2003, p78). Basing on life-related realties or fiction, film has presented disability situations either as they happen in reality or in different perce ptions. But the terminology still remains a complex phenomenon. Given the diversity in occurrence, different understandings have thus been applied to this terminology. In order to understand it effectively first, it is imperative that a theoretical approach to explanation of the terminology be undertaken and consequently evaluation of such presentations be made with regard the movies â€Å"My Left Foot† and â€Å"Born on the Fourth of July†. Theoretical perceptions of disability The theoretical explanation of disability takes a multidimensional approach. Focusing on the affected parts of the body, theoretical approach emphasizes on processing functions and explains disability according to different perspectives. To begin with, medical model posits that disability is a malfunction of a part of the body caused by either trauma, illness or other health-related problems, which results in inability in function and thus needing special medical attention by professionals. The model reviews this terminology is able to be remedied and proposes a curative approach to the situation. It views the condition as absolutely rectifiable or almost correctible. Influential political views on this model suggest that medical practices be modified to allow entire medical care for the situation. A social model states that a social construct created through societal perception of reality. It explains that the problem is not individual based but rather collectively created by particular forces in the environment. It indicates that integration into the society is possible, but only through application of appropriate perceptual views. Given that the condition is created by ideologies, large scale change involving individuals and the communities will change disability and thus equal access to resources and privileges only entails human rights issues (Jensen 2011, p89). A biological mode posits that disability is a genetic condition that affects specific individuals or simpl y family trees. Existing in genetic forms, inborn disabilities such as being handicapped and other biological malfunctions occur genetically due to containment in genes and are transmitted down generations. This model only makes observation of the situation with further elaboration of remedy of the situation taking medical approach as a resolution. Movie summaries My left foot This is a

The SWOT and the PESTLE Analysis of Morrison Plc Essay - 1

The SWOT and the PESTLE Analysis of Morrison Plc - Essay Example This paper illustrates that expanding the network of new stores is a unique opportunity for Morrison and the current discount policy and other incentives from competitors to the retail customers are the biggest threat to the company. In the PESTLE analysis, tax imbalance puts the unfavorable effect on Morrison’s performance. Inflation offers similar challenges. Socially, Morrison has signed ethical audit agreement and technologically it has replaced manual system with machines. Legally, it may face litigation cost whereas environmentally it has received an award for reducing carbon footprint. Organisations face numerous internal and external threats. For assessing and understanding the type and level of their impact on their financial performance, different macro analysis tools are used including the SWOT and the PESTLE analysis. The SWOT analysis is mostly used for assessing both internal and external capabilities and challenges in which strengths and weaknesses evaluate the internal capabilities whereas the opportunities and threats are used for investigating the external factors which directly or indirectly affect the financial and operational performance of organizations. Similarly, the PESTLE analysis is a typical external environment tool which is fundamentally used to highlight those factors which have the capability to affect the organizations. in this regard, it is important to point out that the PESTLE analysis reflects only those factors which are beyond the control of organizations and they are only required to adjust their strategic marketing for avoiding or gaining advantage from the effects of external factors. In this regard, Morrison has different internal strengths and weaknesses and there are some threats along with opportunities for the organizations. In the following parts of this report, first Morrison’s background is provided in which some basic information for the company has been given. It is followed by the SWOT analysis in which Morrison’s existing competence level has been evaluated. Subsequently, before the conclusion and recommendations part, the PESTLE analysis has been carried out.

Nutrition Science with menu I created Assignment - 1

Nutrition Science with menu I created - Assignment Example When ordering, you will not order partial cases. For example, if you need 8 No 10 cans, order two cases. Plan a one-day menu including serving sizes from the foods listed at the end of this document. When a food is portioned to be an individual serving in the list included in this assignment, use that as the serving size. For example, dry, uncooked cereal is on the list in single serving boxes/cartons that range from 0.75 to 1.375 ounces. If you use one of them as a menu item, the serving size will be the same as the weight on the list. For other foods, Table 2.4 (12th edition) in Food for Fifty or 4.1 (13th Edition) is very helpful in determining some serving sizes. For example, nearly all vegetables, which are typically portioned with a number 8 dipper, i.e.,  ½ cup, are listed in the table as being a 3 oz portion. This means they weigh 3 oz. This does not mean 3 fluid ounces. USE FORM 1 FOR YOUR MENU PLAN. Failure to use the form will result in a 5 point deduction. You will need to prepare a purchase order for the foods and ingredients you need to serve your newly planned menu to 50 people. Use the attached form, FORMAT FOR DETERMINING PURCHASE INFORMATION, Form 2. The list of foods includes the price. It will also indicate the size of an institutional package/case and the contents of the case. 1. Using FORM 2, list all the menu items including any ingredients you will need to make the menu item in the first column. For example, in the sample, for scrambled eggs, both eggs and milk are listed. Then in the second column, list the amount you will need to make 50 servings. If you need a partial can or package please indicate that in the column titled Quantity to serve 50. If the product comes in 1 oz or approximately 1 oz (cereal) or 4 or 6 oz portions (juice, pudding, yogurt, etc), indicate in the â€Å"Quantity to serve

The Purchasing Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Purchasing Cycle - Essay Example For a purchasing process to be effective, the department must ensure it understands the company’s goals and plans. The most successful industries that may have managed to provide a very efficient purchasing process in the US include Food and beverage industries and electronic and computers industries. To achieve this objective, the purchasing department must understand the business requirements. It is also required to buy products and services from the right source, at the right price, quantity, time, and the correct specifications as required by customers. The overall aim of this objective in manufacturing companies is to ensure that the raw materials needed in the production process are acquired, in the right quantity and quality and from viable sources. The implications this has is that if the wrong raw materials are bought, the entire production process is stalled and the company might end up making losses or producing poor quality products that do not meet the customers’ specifications(Matthews & Schneller, 2011). For the purchasing process to be efficient and effective, there must be keen following of the whole process and knowledge of the supplier markets. Opportunities must, therefore, be identified, internal operations managed and all focus directed towards achieving this objective. In identifying opportunities, suppliers with the highest quality and cost friendly products are selected. Ensuring diversity in suppliers selected could also be beneficial to the company. The purchasing department has the responsibility of choosing the best suppliers, using the most viable criterion to choose the most current suppliers as they are usually very competitive. Internal operations involve managing procurement staff effectively, formulating policies and strategies. Proper leadership in the purchasing department, collaboration and teamwork helps in achieving this objective (Matthews & Schneller, 2011). For the purchasing

Geology Volcanoes&Earthquake Assignment2 Assignment

Geology Volcanoes&Earthquake Assignment2 - Assignment Example "Back from the Dead" depicts the magnitude of damage that a volcanic activity can cause. The movie shows the eruption of Mt. St. Helens as one of the most catastrophic events that occurred in the United States. Both movies give viewers first-hand evidence that volcanic activity can cause economic and human loss. Various things such as disruptions lead to the eruption of hot magma and lava. But those are not the major lessons learnt. People who knew the background of Mt St. Helens were shocked by the events that followed. The events that take place, as shown by both movies, reveal that mountains that occur through volcanic means can reoccur. What is interesting is that a resurgence of plant and animal life invoked the mountain out of its dormancy. Additionally, the movie increase insight regarding causes of environmental and geological shifts, forces that spur eruptions. If geologists and people in general can gain better understanding of factors behind shifts, they prediction of futu re eruptions can become easy (Dale, Swanson, and Crisafulli, 7). Fire Mountain, on the other hand, presents a firsthand experience of one of the biggest natural catastrophes to have occurred that resulted in more 540 million tons of rock and ash being thrown out into the sky. The movie is talking about the same event as Back from the Dead is, but the details and accounts presented in this movie are different from the first one. The video, packed with evolutionary partiality, does not categorically mention how the ecological or geological features came about by the Mt. St. Helens’ eruption in 1980 parallel the creationist explanations more than the evolutionary theory. However, it gives a good account of what happened, especially with its interviews with survivors, and the viewer can easily draw apparent conclusions. This movie shows how seemingly old, stratified rock can form by

Leadership styles of three leaders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership styles of three leaders - Term Paper Example Executive A was humble and he never took the credit of the success, but also considered his teammates for the success of his company. He had the habit of taking the blames on his own shoulders. This quality of Executive A makes him a Level 5 leader. Level 5 leaders do not have the habit of seeking success for the glory. They shy away when they are praised, but they take important and risky decisions fearlessly. A level 5 leader is considered to be a great leader that has all the leadership qualities with a blend of humility. Leadership of Leader BLeader B also considers that when a subordinate commits mistake, it is solely his responsibility and he should be punished for such deed. Leader B is a task-oriented leader. He specifies the tasks and goals that have to be achieved. In this form of leadership style, close supervision and control can be seen. He also has transactional leadership qualities because he utilizes his power to reward or punish employees for their performance or tas k. A transaction leader leads his team and has the power to evaluate, train and rectify his subordinates. He rewards effectively for good performances but also does not tolerate bad performance.Leadership of Leader CLeader C follows the goals and objectives of Executive A. He welcomes employee feedback and inspires them to achieve great success. He sets high goals for the subordinates so that they aspire to achieve them. He wants to be a mentor for his employees rather their boss.... He had the habit of taking the blames on his own shoulders. This quality of Executive A makes him a Level 5 leader. Level 5 leaders do not have the habit of seeking success for the glory. They shy away when they are praised, but they take important and risky decisions fearlessly. A level 5 leader is considered to be a great leader that has all the leadership qualities with a blend of humility. Leadership of Leader B Leader B also considers that when a subordinate commits mistake, it is solely his responsibility and he should be punished for such deed. Leader B is a task-oriented leader. He specifies the tasks and goals that have to be achieved. In this form of leadership style, close supervision and control can be seen. He also has transactional leadership qualities because he utilizes his power to reward or punish employees for their performance or task. A transaction leader leads his team and has the power to evaluate, train and rectify his subordinates. He rewards effectively for good performances but also does not tolerate bad performance. Leadership of Leader C Leader C follows the goals and objectives of Executive A. He welcomes employee feedback and inspires them to achieve great success. He sets high goals for the subordinates so that they aspire to achieve them. He wants to be a mentor for his employees rather their boss. He listens to his team members and takes their feedback to bring about positive changes in the organization. So Leader C has transformational leadership qualities. He has the ability to motivate employees and drive them towards the success of the company and also their individual achievement. He has the qualities to bring about

Shadowing experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Shadowing experience - Assignment Example Developmental aspect includes the school curriculum, individual students and the society development. In most cases, they act as change agents in the schools. They provide feedback to the students on the progress of their children. Also, she acts as the consultation head by working with the teachers and the administrators to meet the students needs at all levels of education (Wicks 56). They help students in different areas including ensuring that the students are more productive adults of tomorrow. They help students to achieve their academic goals and also their career and social development. They enhance the students learning processes in academic, personal and social development. Students get desired competencies that provide all students with the skills, right attitudes and knowledge appropriate for the students development. Most of the developmental needs are developed alongside the school programs (Patterson 88). The counselor was able to handle people from different societies and background. The most interesting thing is that she was able to advise a student who was infected with HIV/AIDS. He was able to train and bring back the student to the right attitude. The students were positive about life. It was my first time to get an HIV/AIDS individual being able to appreciate their status. One of the impressive things is that the counselor was able to impact the students with the right attitude. All the students had a positive attitude towards mathematics and science subject unlike other schools in the same locality. Also, she spent most of her time with the students to impact them with the right morals. There was an interactive forum that ensured students aired out their issues. This acted as a basis of identifying the students challenges in school. The challenges identified enabled the parents and teachers to manage the school (Patterson 88). Most of the issues that I need to learn about includes different ways and techniques of changing the

The Importance of the Modern Era of Political Philosophy Essay Example for Free

The Importance of the Modern Era of Political Philosophy Essay The Modern Era of political philosophy is best characterized as a revolt against the traditional constraints of the time. Machiavelli believed that politics should be separate and distinct from ethics, morality, and religion. Protestant reformers such as Luther and Calvin went head to head with the Catholic Church, paving the way for religious individualism and incorporating various political revisions. Hobbes called for a major overhaul in England concerning not only political and religious issues, but social and economic ones as well. As modern philosophers began to voice their opinions, Central, Southern, and Western Europe began to change drasticallychanges that would affect the direction of Western political thought forever. Niccolo Machiavelli, born in Florence, Italy in 1469, was the first political philosopher to recognize the importance and potential of the nation-state, an idea he shared with the world. This idea was shared primarily through Machiavellis most notable works: The Prince and Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius. The Prince was dedicated to the new Medici (the ruling family in Florence at the time) ruler, Lorenzo; some modern interpreters have viewed the work primarily as a plea for forgiveness, as Machiavelli wanted his civil service job back after being suspected of treason. As indicated in his two major works, Machiavelli had two distinct goals: the desire to return to active government service and the promotion of stability and freedom from foreign control, secular or religious, for all of Italy. Martin Luthers (1483-1546) discrepancies with the Catholic Church began early in his career when he attacked the sale of indulgences and also came to the conclusion that human nature is wretched and sinful. He also criticized the popes absolutism and the church hierarchy. When Luther finally poured his heart out onto paper in 1517, the result was his Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, otherwise known as the Ninety-five Theses, which he promptly nailed to the church door in his hometown of Wittenberg, Germany. Three years later Luther wrote an essay entitled An Appeal to the Ruling Class. Each of these works as well as Luthers other writings made three main allegations against the church. These allegations were known as the Three Walls. The first wall he attacks is the fact that secular power has no control over the pope. The second wall deals with the idea that the church is more than just the pope; it encompasses everyone who is a member of the faith. This particular wall disputed the idea of papal infallibility as well as the pope as the sole authority of the church. The third wall Luther confronts concerns the claim that only the pope can summon a council to resolve or address church issues, such as questions of doctrine. Later that same year, the pope excommunicated Luther from the Catholic Church, but not before Luthers words had a significant impact on the Catholic Church. These events cause Christians to reexamine the relationship between church and state-authority through the eyes of the individual, as well as defining limits on both church and state power. John Calvin, born in 1509, founded one of the first sects of Protestantism that developed after Luthers revamp of the Catholic Church. Calvin shared the belief that human deeds cannot ensure salvation and that government serves as a punishment and remedy for human sin. In his book Institutes of the Christian Religion, Calvin distinguishes two types of government: the spiritual, by which the conscience is formed to piety and the service of God; and the political, by which a man is instructed in the duties of humanity and civility. Almost overnight, the Protestant Reformation brought the monolithic foundation of medieval Christianity down, leaving behind several new concepts in political thought. During the first half of the 17th century, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes found conflict on numerous fronts concerning English society. The first issue was concerning religious freedom, pitting King Charles I and his Anglican Church against a number of independent Protestant sects. Hobbes and his Protestant followers claimed that the Anglican Church was too close in organization and liturgy to the Catholic Church. They also rejected the claim of Charles I to rule by divine right. The second issue was political in nature, concerning the fact that England did not have a written constitution (and still do not today), thereby allowing for Parliamentary error and inconsistancies. The third issue that Hobbes was concerned with was the fact that social and economic issues were becoming interrelated due to a growing middle class who demanded more political representation in Parliament. During Hobbess lifetime, the world experienced a scientific revolution due to important discoveries. The spirit of forward progress influenced Hobbess understanding of politics as well. Hobbes treated his issues like scientific theory, always concerned with precise definitions and correct terminology. On what basis could the practice of government be conducted once society was no longer a community? asks the central philosophical question concerning Hobbess political philosophies. Hobbes reinforces the basis for politics of the Modern Era by uniting absolutism and consent, taking his cues from the scientific revolution of the era. Hobbess most important philosophical work, Leviathan, discusses human nature from the standpoint of the individual, thus defining the foundation for Hobbess political universe. Obviously, Hobbess political focus is on the individual; however, some critics argue whether Hobbess philosophies were intended as a scientific blueprint for a fit government as Hobbes saw it, or if his philosophies merely succeeded in raising questions about the balance between individual liberty and social order. Of all the versatile philosophers associated with the Modern Era of political philosophy, only Niccolo Machiavelli can be described as the personification of the transformation from the medieval to the modern era. Machiavellis aggregate view of politics focuses on the individual. In contradiction to the values of ancient and medieval political philosophers, Machiavelli establishes a separation between personal morality and necessary political practice. The Florentine also supports the idea of a republican state, thus allowing the greatest degree of liberty. He created a new science of politics with a more down-to-earth and practical set of principles. Machiavellis recognition of the importance and potential of the nation-state not only set him apart from his predecessors, but also ushered in a new era of political thought, paving the way toward the unfolding Western political tradition. The importance of the Modern Era of political philosophy is plainly evident in todays society. A large part of the Constitution of the United States is based on the liberal philosophies of the Modern Era. The idea of separation of church and state is most prolific during this era, and it remains today one of the fundamental principles of liberty upon which the governments of the United States and numerous other nation-states in the West are based. Also, the focus of individual liberty is very apparent in many of the political discourses of the Modern philosophers. Had the philosophers of the Modern Era not battled the widespread corruption apparent in the Catholic Church and the ruling classes across Europe, who is to say that the Western political tradition would have unfolded at all?

Factors Affecting Women Shoppers Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Women Shoppers Essay Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development 3. 3 2013 Budget Presentation Speech by Malaysia Prime Minister. 3. 4 The Household Use of Internet Survey,2005 by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commisions. | | | | | CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1Background of the Study The usage of Internet has grown rapidly over the past years and it has become a common means for delivering and trading information, services and goods. Nowadays, internet is not only a networking media, but it is also used as a means of transaction for consumers at global market. Women contribute the large number of Malaysia’s population. Major contribution of women to the nation always been recognized. With the increasing number of career women in Malaysia contribute further enhance of the purchasing power among women buyers. The existence of telecommunications equipment such as smart phones and tablets are not limiting time and place for them to be online. The roles of a shopper’s personal attitudes have been widely acknowledged in consumer decision-making and behavioral intentions (Wu, 2003). In particular, attitude serves as the bridge between consumers’ characteristics and the consumption that satisfies their needs (Armstrong amp; Kotler, 2003). Moreover, consumers’ characteristics, such as personality, as well as demographic and perception on online shopping benefits, have also been found to influence their online shopping behavior (Cheung amp; Lee, 2003). Thus, identifying the relative importance of each determinant of choice towards a given action could be a useful step in understanding such behavior occurs. The main aim of this study is to investigate purchasing intention of women shopper at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP), with a particular emphasis on understanding and evaluating the factors which directly or indirectly influence their purchasing intentions by measuring the attitude towards online shopping. 1. 2Problem Statement Online shopping in Malaysia is a new technology breakthrough since it has just begun to assault the Malaysia retailing sector with the online shopping services (Haque et al. 2006). In order to increase online shopping in Malaysia, understanding consumer online shopping behavior and factors affecting this behavior when shopping online should be given priority. With the expansion of career women in Malaysia, women shoppers become one of the important market segments or two reasons; first, this group has money and shopping interest. According to Statistics on Women, Family and Community 2011, shows that number of female employed increased from 2000 until 2010. It shows that women in Malaysia have purchasing power (See Appendix 3. ). Second, this segment of the population has the potential of earning a greater income than other segments of the population. It will be great significance to find out the factors which influence women shoppers’ intention to shop online if we want to expand group of online buyers and the volume of e-commerce. According to to Statistics on Women, Family and Community 2011, Number of female enrollment in University is higher than ma le and the number keep increasing. In 2001, number of male enrollment student in University is 103,747 and female 142,242. In 2010, Number of male enrollment in University is 184,457 and female 278,323 (See Appendix 3. 2). The differences of student become bigger each year. The higher of education background can contribute to higher income in the future. Third, growth of online business keeps increasing. Recently, during the 2013 budget presentation by our Prime Minister has stated that; the Malaysia Government aware women not only important in a family, but also contribute to the development to the national economy. The government allocated 50 million to support women’s role. One of them is, Get Malaysia Business Online Program (GMBO) introduced to help 50 thousand small entrepreneurs, especially women to increase their online sales. Grants of thousand Ringgit Malaysia through the provision of 50 million Ringgit Malaysia by the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) (See Appendix 3. 3). A mid-2005 survey by the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Corporation (MCMC), only 9. 3% of Internet users had purchased products or services through the Internet during the preceding three months. Among those who did so, airline tickets were the most popular items (43. %) followed by books (15. 6%) and music (6. 8%). Amounts spent on these items were small, however, with 57. 7% of transactions worth less than M$500. Moreover, it is expected Malaysian online sales will increase every year at a high growth (See Appendix 3. 4). Opportunities of online shopping can be restricted by internal and external constraints on behavior. It is important in expl aining human behavior since an individual who has the intention of accomplishing a certain action may be unable to do so because her environment prevents the act from being performed. Moreover, there are some barriers which have contributed to the unwillingness of Malaysians to shop online because they afraid their personal information will be stole or misused by others. Despite the high potential of online shopping in Malaysia, there is still lack of understanding concerning the online shopping and its impact on marketing. Consequently a framework is needed to structure the complex system of effects of these different factors, and develop an in-depth understanding of consumers’ attitudes toward internet shopping and their intentions to shop online. 1. Objectives of the Research The objectives of this study are; 1. To determine women shoppers’ shopping attitudes towards website design. 2. To determine women shoppers’ shopping attitudes towards reliability of online retailer. 3. To determine women shoppers’ shopping attitudes towards online shopping customer service. 4. To determine women shoppers’ shopping attitudes towards trust on online retailer. 1. 4Scope of Study Literature Review Factors influencing online shopping intention toward online shopping have been researched and documented in the context of traditional consumer literature. A review of empirical studies in this area shows that the theories of Reasoned Action (Ajzen amp; Fishbein, 1975) and Acceptance Model (Davis, 1989) are among the most popular theories used to explain online shopping behavior. Therefore the theoretical framework f this study is based in these theories. Online Shopping Perceived Benefit Perceived benefits are advantageous results derived from attributes. The benefit can be physiological, psychological, sociological, or material in nature. Within the online shopping context, the consumers’ perceived benefits are the sum of online shopping advantages or satisfactions that meet their needs or wants. There are many differences between a physical store and its electronic counterpart. Most of the previous online shopping research has focused on identifying the attributes of online stores that promote success (Davis, 1989; Liu amp; Arnett, 2000). Previous studies of online shopping have established two categories of benefits; intrinsic and extrinsic. Both are important in customers’ selections to patronize the online stores. Extrinsic benefits include features such as wide selection of products, competitive pricing, easy access to information and low search costs. Intrinsic benefits include features such as design and color. Research Framework The key components of the research framework for consumer attitude towards online shopping can be seen in Figure 1. Website Design| | Online Shopping| Reliability| | | Customer Service| | | Trust| | | Hypotheses: A series of testable hypotheses were developed from the proposed research model, as shown below: Hypothesis 1: There is a significant relationship between web site design and online shopping. Hypothesis 2: There is a significant relationship between reliability of online retailer and online shopping. Hypothesis 3: There is a significant relationship between customer service and online shopping. Hypothesis 4: There is a significant relationship between trust on online retailer and online shopping. In general, base on the hypotheses, the research framework will be focusing on four factors as independent variables and propensity to shop online will be the dependent variable. . e. for the hypothesis 1, 2, 3 and 4 which are focusing on Web Site Design, Reliability, Customer Service, and Trust, it is hypothesize that there should be a positive relationship that would likely to influence the online shopping. Research Methodology To undertake this project, two types of data will be gathered. i. Secondary data This type of data will be used extensively in literature review to provide the framework of this study. Textbook, journals and internet shopping reports will be the sources of this desk research. ii. Primary data This type of data will be the main instrument used in evaluating the factors affecting women shoppers’ online shopping attitude and purchase intention. The process of gaining this input is discussed next. In doing so, the rest of this section organized into four main areas; the research design, the target population and the sample size, methods for data collection, and data analysis and interpretation. The research design In getting the shoppers data, I choose to employ descriptive research over exploratory or causal research. This type of research is suitable when a study intends to produce accurate description of variables relent to the decision being faced, without demonstrating that some relationship exists between variables. This description fits well with the objectives of this study. In addition, a cross sectional studies is elected over longitudinal studies. The former allow the researchers to assess to a larger number of customers, thus enabling them to produce a more representative data. Through this method, data is typically cross tabulated against each other to answer specific issues. This kind of data is meaningful to companies that appeal to many segments of the markets such as internet shopping. The target population and the sample size In line with the scope of the project, the population refers to the female employee of Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP). To further define the population, this study will only examine the behavior of women shoppers in the age bracket 20 to 55 years old. The sample elements will be chosen using systematic sampling. Within this pool of shoppers, a sample of 200 shoppers will be selected. This sample size is considered appropriate. Roscoe (1975) for instance stated ‘samples sizes larger than 30 and less than 500 samples are the appropriate for most research. Likewise, Sekaran (1994) agrees that 500 samples are the appropriate upper limit for the sample size. Methods for data collection Since cross sectional study has been chosen for this study, data will be collected through questioning. Using this method, the respondents will be identified systematically and to aid questioning the shoppers, a set of questionnaire will be designed. The questionnaires will be distributed through online and respondents will be invites through UMP Portal.

Hybridity Concept In Postcolonial Studies Cultural Studies Essay

Hybridity Concept In Postcolonial Studies Cultural Studies Essay Introduction This chapter seeks to examine key concepts that underpin this study. Hybridity, otherness and stereotyping in postcolonial studies are discussed in relation to the central argument of this thesis which is the roles teachers and students play at aiming for the construction of shared Malaysian identity in multicultural classrooms. The intention of this literature review is to identify the significance of hybridity, otherness and stereotyping in post colonial studies to my research and how Bhabhas notion of The Third Space helps to formulate the establishment of collective identity in students zone of development (Gutierrez, Baqudano-Lopez and Tejeda (1999). Hybridity concept in Postcolonial studies The flow of information and the movement of people in this ever evolving, interconnected and interactive world have been a profound reason in the creation of new cultures in the form of mixing of local and foreign ideas and values. This kind of mixing is a tiny part of the loose and slippery meaning of hybridity. The term hybridity is used in many areas such as hybrid economy (the mixture of private enterprises and government active participation in global economy) (Koizumi,2010); hybrid cars, hybrid language (creole and patois), and most importantly in relation to this study is in the arena of hybrid cultures (Tomlinson,1999; Coombs Brah,2000). Easthope (1998) contends that hybridity can have three meanings; in terms of biology, ethnicity and culture. In biological science, hybrid could mean the composition of genetic component in human being, animals or plants. In the second and third definitions, hybridity can be understood to mean an individual who possesses two or more ethnic and cultural identities. However de Toro emphasises that the meaning of hybridity in modern cultural theory has nothing to do with the biological and zoological origin of the term (de Toro, 2004). Hutnyk (2005) on the other hand reveals that the term hybridity and syncretism seem to serve the inner cultural aspects of colonialism and the global market. Several key thinkers in the realm of hybridity includes among others Homi Bhabha, Robert Young, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy, who draw upon related concepts from Deleuze, Derrida, Marx, Fanon and Bakhtin to name a few.(Ref) In particular, Bhabha has developed his concept of hybridity from literary and cultural theory to describe the construction of culture and identity within conditions of colonial antagonism and equity (Meredith, 1998; Bhabha, 1994; Bhabha, 1996). In socio-cultural milieu, hybridity is used as an explicative term and hybridity became a useful tool in forming a discourse of racial mixing which was seen as an aberration in the end of 18th century. The kind of hybrid during this era was largely referring to inter marriage of black and white and the offspring were identified as the hybrid product. It has also been referred to as an abuse term in colonial discourse for those who are products of miscegenation or mixed-breeds. Papastergiadis in Werbner Modood (2000) on the other hand asserts that the positive feature of hybridity is that it invariably acknowledges that identity is constructed through a negotiation of difference and that the presence of fissures, gaps and contradictions is not necessarily a sign of failure. (ibid:258). Therefore hybridity can be seen in both negative and positive forms. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin (2006) assert that hybridity occurs in post-colonial societies as a result of economic and political expansion and control and when the coloniser diluted indigenous peoples (the colonised) social practices and assimilate them to a new social mold. They also further explain that hybridity extends until after the period of imperialism when patterns of immigrations from rural to urban region and from other imperial areas of influence; such as Chinese and Indian labourers coming in into the Malay Peninsula during the labour intensive period. However, with the end imperialism, with the rising of immigration and economic liberalisation, the term hybridity has profoundly been used in many different dimensions and is one of the most disputed terms in postcolonial studies. It can take many forms including cultural, political and linguistics. It is important to note that hybridity can be interpreted in many different accounts from a slight hybrid to the extreme of culture clash. In the postcolonial studies the term hybrid commonly refers to the creation of new trans-cultural forms within the contact zone produced by colonisation (Ashcroft et al.,2003). One other dimension of this term is the hybrid talk which is associated with the emergence of postcolonial discourse and its critique of cultural imperialism.(elaborate) Easthope (1998) on the other hand asserts that in his discussions of hybridity, it has no fix definition except in relation to non-hybridity: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that the opposition between difference and absolute presence needs to be relativised by introducing more than one concept of identity, that a coherent, speaking subject cannot live in the gaps between identities. (p.347). Pieterse (2001:221) maintains that New hybrid forms are significant indicators of profound changes that are taking place as a consequence of mobility, migration and multiculturalism. In addition, cultural diasporization (Hall, 1990) signifies a new form of identity as a result of interculturality and diasporic relations (Anthias,2010). However, Anthias (ibid:620) postulates that: If hybrid social identities are now the characteristic identities of the modern world, then struggles over cultural hegemony and the underlying mechanisms that support it, become increasingly empty signifiers; merely to occupy the space of the hybrid constitutes an emancipator human condition. In addition, de Toro (1991,1996a) contends that hybridity is always inherent to culture, identity and nations but it is the object of reflections and definitions of different settings and also applied in very different fields. Correspondingly, de Toro suggests that one has to understand the notion of hybridity in a broader metacontext and has to see hybridity as mixing systems at the base of the combination of different models and processes. The discussion of hybridity in this study focuses on the contemporary debate about culture, ethnicity and identity which underpins de Toros model of hybridity as a cultural category. The main argument of this study is the problematic nature of managing the differences of cultural, ethnical and religious groups in Malaysias plural society in the quest for the construction of shared Malaysian identity. The discussion of hybridity in the Malaysian context in this study therefore is not about finding a midway to the solution of differences in cultures and identity but to identify a space where cultural, religious and ethnic difference can be celebrated. In as much the arguments in the succeeding sections deal with ethnicity, culture and religion, this study does not attempt to explicate an in depth discussion of the cultural theory concept. However, cultural theory will be reviewed at a surface level. In the linguistics setting, Bakhtin (1981) puts forward the notion of linguistic hybridity. He, according to Young (1995) delineates the way in which language, even within a single sentence, can be doubled-voiced. Bakhtin affirms that linguistic hybridity mixes two social languages within the limits of a single utterance but differentiated by other factors of those social utterances. Simplistically, it describes the ability to be simultaneously the same but different (ibid:20). Young further postulates that for Bakhtin, hybridity describes the process of the authorial unmasking of anothers speech, through a language that is double-accented and double-styled. Bakhtin (1981) divides his linguistic hybridity into two; intentional hybridity and unconscious or organic hybridity. The former occurs when a voice has the ability to ironise and unmask the other within the same utterance. The organic hybridity , on the other hand occurs when two languages fused together: . the languages change historically primarily by hybridization, by means of a mixing of various languages co-existing within the boundaries of a single dialect, a single national language, a single branch, a single group of different branches, in the historical as well as paleontological past of languages. (Ibid:358). The language hybridity phenomenon is one of main discussions in this current study as the multicultural society evolves in Malaya then Malaysia respectively, languages evolve in tandem. The discussion involves the emergence of Malaysian English or Manglish in social interactions of the populace within ones own ethnic community or with the other communities at large. This is argued in the discussions and findings chapter of this current study. The section that follows discusses in greater detail of hybridity in the light of Bhabhas (1998) work on cultural diversity and cultural difference. Understanding Bhabhas concept of hybridity in relation to cultural diversity Bhabhas conception of hybridity is developed from literary and cultural theory by which he identifies that the governing bodies (coloniser) translate the identity of the colonised (the other) in tandem with the essentialist beliefs. This action of translation however does not produce something that is known to the coloniser or the colonised but essentially new (Papastergiadis, 1997). Bhabha believes that it is this new blurred boundaries or spaces in-between subject-position that are identified as the locality of the disruption and displacement of predominant influence of colonial narratives and cultural structures and practice. Bhabha (1994) claims that the difference in cultural practices within different groups, however rational a person is, is actually very difficult and even impossible and counterproductive, to try and fit together different forms of culture and to pretend that they can easily coexist. As he affirms: The assumption that at some level all forms of cultural diversity may be understood on the basis of a particular universal concept, whether it be human being, class, or race, can be both very dangerous and very limiting in trying to understand the ways in which cultural practices construct their own systems of meaning and social organisation (ibid:209) There is truth to a certain degree to the statement above in terms of the universality of cultural diversity applied in many pluralistic countries including Malaysia. However, to a larger extent, this present study, at a later stage would render the limitations of that statement amidst difficulties and multitudes of problems in inter-ethnic relationship; Malaysian society has proven its ability to be one of the select few which are able to prove that the differences in cultural practices could be the catalyst not hindrance or counterproductive amongst different groups to coexist. This concept of the third space is central and useful in analysing this current study in terms of its interstitial positioning between cultural and ethnic identity with that of a negotiated identity (shared identity) in the Malaysian context. Bhabha believes that the process of cultural hybridity gives rise to new and unidentifiable, a new era of negotiation of meaning and representation. For him controversies are inevitable and unavoidable in a multicultural society as negotiations happen almost in all circumstances including socio-politics and economy down to minute affairs such as in classrooms context. The implication of western colonial legacy which had changed cultural ideology of a former colonised nation is central to the modern discourse of negotiation and instead of questioning the legality of certain cultural status assigned to immigrant cultures, it is inevitable but to accept, admire and celebrate diversity in ways which are appropriately befitting the society as a whole. The significance of the hybridity concept Post-colonial cultural politics assertions: integration and assimilation to unification As a result of hybridisation, dominant culture becomes diluted and more dispersed; less integrated and can then be negotiated. The process of cultural hybridisation allows greater opportunity for local culture to be emphasised thus presents a greater likelihood for more people to feel the sense of belonging. (Canclini,1995;Pieterse,2004). Hybridity needs to be considered as a continuous transaction of renewals and compromise of the practices of identity A more analytical perspective that reviews the assumption about culture and identity from us-them dualism to a collective sense of both. Therefore acceptance and conciliation of both difference and similarity. 5.0. The Third Space Appropriation of The Third Space to the study Otherness Stereotyping in Post Colonial Studies 9.0 Applying hybridity, otherness and stereotyping to the construction of shared identity Identity in Plural Society Propagating and espousing a new conception of shared identity New opportunities, new challenges to develop a collective sense of identity Identity is multiple, overlapping and context-sensitive (Kwame Appiah in Koizumi) New conception of self hybrid self rejects singular identity and adopt a fluid context-dependent identity Classification of identity formation: inherited and acquired (social and psychological) The Construction Malaysian Identity Summary

The Functionalist and Marxist Views on the Purpose of Socialisation Es

The Functionalist and Marxist Views on the Purpose of Socialisation Functionalists and Marxists have very similar theories as to the socialisation process. I intend to show this and compare these similarities. There are many well-known functionalists but I am mainly focusing on the views of Talcott Parsons and Emile Durkheim in particular. There are many aspects of the socialisation process to cover both concerning functionalist and Marxist views, these include cultures (made up of many different branches), values (peoples beliefs), and norms (patterns of behaviour). Also primary and secondary socialisation. Functionalists and Marxists both share similar views on the socialisation process. Both viewpoints are based on the substructure of society this is formed by many external influences as follows; the family, media, religion, education and, the state. Both functionalist and Marxists believe that we are the products of social stimuli and are socialised according to our external influences. They both believe in the "top-down" theory seeing society as a stage with all these influences shaping our individual identities. " If society were a stage then we individuals are simply puppets dancing to the tune of the social structures that shape our identities- indeed our lives" (1) Functionalist and Marxists may have similar views but they do not share the same views as to why this process is. I personally believe that in a way we are like puppets, and that we are socialised into what is "right and wrong". I believe the biggest influence to be in the family, because the family are concerned with everything that shapes you... ... a lower class. To me this is wrong, as lower class seems to be putting one in ones place, lower being the operative word. The media do expose people being the positive side but then when one looks at copycat crimes you can't help but blame the media. A lot of influence does come in way of the family but this stems back generations and some adapt quicker to change than others. These too have been socialised by their peers and unfortunately can result in these inequalities in society remaining. However if people did not conform to the norms/values that society thrusts upon them, and there were many deviants, this would surely result in anarchy. But so it is, people do conform, and surely enough society roles on as, as both functionalist and Marxists agree " society is more important than the individuals within it"(12)

Political Bosses in America Essay -- Politics American History

Political Bosses in America As industrialization caused cites to grow in leaps and bounds, political bosses started to take power. As the 19th Century came to a close, almost every sizable city had a political boss, or at least had one rising to power. Tons of immigrants from every part of the world began to pour into the major cities. Cities have had diversity in the past, but the huge diversity of the American cities was unique. The only thing the new immigrants had in common with each other was the dream of becoming rich and the poverty of their current state. Unfortunately, so many different people with so little in common often left tension between different groups on the edge of becoming violent outbreaks. The famous Tammany set the example early on of how to broaden it's ow...

The Maltese Falcon :: essays research papers fc

Dashiell Hammett’s San Francisco: A Unique Setting in the Changing World of Early 20th Century Detective Fiction The Pacific coast port city of San Francisco, California provides a distinctively mysterious backdrop in Dashiell Hammett’s The Maltese Falcon. Unlike many other detective stories that are anchored in well-known metropolises such as Los Angeles or New York City, Hammett opted to place the events of his text in the lesser-known, yet similarly exotic cultural confines of San Francisco. Hammett used his own intricate knowledge of the San Francisco Bay Area - coupled with details collected during a stint as a detective for the now defunct Pinkerton Agency - to craft a distinctive brand of detective fiction that thrived on such an original setting (Paul 93). By examining the setting of 1920’s San Francisco in The Maltese Falcon, it becomes apparent that one of Hammett’s literary strengths was his exceptional ability to intertwine non-fictional places with a fictional plot and characters in order to produce a logical and exceedingly believable detective mystery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dashiell Hammett called the San Francisco area home from 1920 until 1936. For a portion of those fourteen years, he shared an apartment on Eddy Street with his first wife Josephine Dolan. This apartment was located very near the San Francisco Public Library on Larkin Street where in 1921 Hammett first conceived the idea of his writing detective fiction. San Francisco historian and author Don Freeman explains: In the library he would read the magazines and the books and one day after reading several detective yarns he said, ‘I can do that.’ The truth is, he could. And he did. He wrote for Black Mask, a pulp detective magazine, and then as his skills increased he began to write novels. It was in this library that Dashiell Hammett saw his future. (79) Hammett contributed stories to Black Mask for ten years until The Maltese Falcon gained public and literary acclaim. Many of the stories that Hammett penned for Black Mask were set in San Francisco, as the city provided him with a unique atmosphere in which to observe and record different cultures, norms, and fads. In the 1920’s, San Francisco was thought of as an exotic melting pot of culture that was rivaled only by its eastern cultural counterpart of New York City. Therefore, it is no surprise that Hammett used San Francisco as the setting of The Maltese Falcon to further illustrate the exotic and striking nature of the plot and characters within the text (Dumenil 211).

Post-Modern Theory in the 21st Century

Post Modern Theory in the Twenty-First Century As society continues to make the transition into the Information Age the general consensus on social theories is also experiencing change. The way that individuals interact has changed dramatically and is ever changing as evidenced by the phenomenon of the social networking revolution. Social scientists have long hypothesized social theories in an attempt to explain social phenomena and gain a better understanding of society as a whole. The general consensus for contemporary social theory has seen a shift toward post modernism.Post-modernism is the social theory that claims that society is now under the effect of the individual who creates a reality for him or herself. It is this shift towards post modernist-thought that has fueled the social networking revolution by allowing individuals to create an alternative realities for him or her self. Although post-modern social theory does not have any particular social scientist proposing it, i t has gained much popularity in recent years. Post-modern social theory holds that apparent realities are merely social constructs that are subject to change over time.It claims that realities are subject to individual perception and interpretation. Postmodernism also holds that there are no absolute truths and that individual worldviews are completely subjective. These aspects of postmodernism place much importance on the individual rather than groups like previous social theories. In a post-modern society individuals view the world subjectively, which allows them to create their own reality for themselves. Post-Modern social theory’s enablement of individuals to create their own reality can be seen throughout American society.Perhaps this is best evidenced by the use of social networking. Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter give individuals the ability to create an optimum reality for themselves. No longer does a person have to be physically present to be s een and observed. Social networking allows people to have a â€Å"profile picture† which serves as a reference point for the appearance of an individual. The profile picture can be any image that the individual so chooses to be a representation of them. Having the option of choosing how you are viewed and represented has enabled individuals to create the optimum reality for them.Individuals are no longer subject to being represented by their actual physical appearance. Instead, individuals are free to edit, crop, and select images of them so that they can distort their reality in order to achieve an optimal self-representation. For instance individuals who perceive themselves as unattractive are now able to choose a profile picture that is more flattering to their physical appearance. Another example would be someone using a completely different person in his or her profile picture. The social networking revolution has brought much change in regard to the manner in which indi viduals interact with each other.No longer are interpersonal relationships contingent on physical interaction between individuals. Interactions are now able to take place electronically via the Internet. These changes in interpersonal relationships have been fueled by a shift towards post-modern social theory. It is the postmodern notion of the ability of the individual to make their own reality that has made these changes possible. Individuals are always seeking self-affirmation from their peers and being able to distort reality has become possible with the social networking revolution.

Criticisms in “In the Penal Colony” Essay

The antediluvian appliance and ancient juristic system in Kafkas In the Penal liquidation describes the current state of hu domainity in the colonial era. Through the use, along with the raft surrounding the railway car, Kafka portrays knuckle downry and colonialism in the world and the consequences of failing to abolish such ways.The sight of the resolution be represented by the Soldier, the Officer, the venturer, the Condemned homosexual, and the commander. By giving them these names, Kafka has essenti tout ensembley dehumanized them a lot equal those who use up been condemned to working in punishable colonies they and have functions, non names. The scratchy bureaucratic ways of the colony can be seen with the punishments handed show up as told by the Officer who ismuch more than interested in the technicalities of the motion than the niceties of legal procedure. The actual execution is to be carried out by a analyzable tool designed by the former Comma ndant of the penal colony and maintained by the Officer. The gondola tortures the condemned man in a process that brutally mimics and transforms the sexual act. The condemned man is strapped naked onto manything akin to a divide apart and the top part of the apparatus, a find out of knife-like needles, automatically descends, piercing his body and emptying a fluid that inscribes the sentence upon his flesh. For the starting signal six hours of the writing process, the condemned man suffers however pain (149) but as the needles hurl his internal organs more deeply, he achieves a form of enlightenment that culminates in death. (Kohn 5)The way in which the punishment is filtered by means of the legal system of the penal colony is also rather questionable. The Officer says, I have been appointed judge in this penal colony(145) and uses his principle of depravity is never to be doubted. Other courts can non postdate that principle, for they consist of several opinions and have higher(prenominal) courts to scrutinize them. That is not the case here, or at least, it was not the case in the former Commandants time.(145)to direct over his judgments. For the condemned man, he has no meet to defend himself and prove his innocence by virtue of the system in place. They are always going to be lay out fineable for the sake of existence guilty so they can have an execution take place and hire some broad of grotesque excitement where, hundreds of spectatorsall of them standing on tiptoe(153) could protrude witness to them.Aside from the archaic methods of iniquitous procedures, Kafka also presents the trustfulness on ancient technology through this work in the presentation of execution railcar to portray the costs associated with running a penal colony for slave labor during his time. We prototypic get a glimpse of the harsh realities of the machine and the cost to upkeep it when the pass breaks the wrist strap and the Officer says, This is a very com plex machine, it cant be helped that things are breaking or giving way here and in that location but one must not thereby allow oneself to be amused in ones universal judgment(151). He continues sayingthe resources for maintaining the machine are now very much reduced. Under the former Commandant I had free access to a centre of money set aside in all for this purpose. There was a in polish, too, in which write parts were kept for repairs of all sweets. (151) this instant he has taken charge of the machine money himself, and if I send for a pertly strap they ask for the downhearted old strap as evidence, and the new strap takes ten days to come forward and then is of shoddy material and not much good. (151)There was an entire store dedicated solely to maintaining the machine it much like penal colonies were such a hindrance on the economies of the nations that controlled and maintained them.As the story progresses, we can see how the ways of the penal colony are existenc e phased out when we hear the Officer tell the Explorertheres no time to lose, an attack of some kind is impending on my function as judge conferences are already universe held in the Commandants slip from which I am excluded even your sexual climax here today seems to me a hearty move they are cowards and use you as a screen, you, a stranger.(153)The Officer views the Explorer with a great deal of thrust believing he can bear on the penal colony to the greatness that it at a time enjoyed. However, the Explorer knows the harsh realities of the colony and refuses to extend along with Officer to help him bring the colony back to its previous state. rather we see the Explorer as, a kind of outsider,(157) a change in attitudes end-to-end the world looking in on the colony. The Officer finally realizes that the Explorer is not there to help him restore what formerly was, and he submits himself to his own machine. As the machine is inscribing be just into his body, it fails due to its complex nature and failing state, much like the failing state of the colony, and kills him. Through close readings of In the Penal Colony, we gain an brainwave as to what Kafka was trying to accomplish with this work. His nation, Germany, as well as many others in the world at the time had undertaken colonialism and establishing penal colonies to better their nations. However, Kafka illustrates the failing nature of these establishments through their rudimentary justice systems and monetary reliance on the host nations economies. Instead of bettering fellowship through what was being provided by the slave labor, the social order of the world was being torn apart keeping them afloat. whole kit CitedKohn, Margaret. Kafkas Critique of Colonialism. Theory & Event. 8.3 (2005) 5. Print.

The Modern Alterations of Native American Life

Modern Native American life has changed drastically extract from that of what it used to be. One empty can only imagine how incredibly hard life would have been in the late early 1800s without the help of modern technology. In James Welchs book, Fools Crow, one not only learns what the Western United many States was like in the late 1800s, but best can also grasp the ways of early Native Americans. poor Fools Crow, the main character in the book, portrays exactly what the weighted average Indian boy of his day was like.Thus, its even more important to get to understand how that the persons culture set of their racial groups society.Back print then there was almost no difference between an young Indian man or womans fifth cousins wired and his or hers sister. Both were treated the same, logical and both were respected immensely. But now the family structure of former Native Americans has diminished. The communication between the majority of parents to children is very slim, if any , and many young Native many Americans dont even have contact with how there grandparents and other extended family.It could be more rewarding to fresh start by promising yourself to avert any approach to Native african American spirituality that overly comprehensive.

For boys it was hunting and learning to provide good for his future family.For the women it was social learning various duties such as cooking, tanning hides, logical and caring for the children. Indians used to educate themselves in order to survive as a team. Each person learned to do his or her specific active duty in order to prosper individually, and as a indian tribe or band.Its not the exact same for each tribe.Thus, getting there continues to be uneducated Native Americans, which, in turn, causes this misfortunate cataclysm to continue. Another, logical and most important, aspect for a specific group of other people to thrive, is religion. Ever since the first civilized human lived, there what was religion. For most people, religion is the hot glue that holds their life together.Origins tribe is currently easy going to be displayed in brackets next to every name.

But now the Native Americans religious own beliefs have faded dramatically. Most of todays Indian youths no longer believe or practice the religion of their ancestors. Without religion, modern Native Americans find themselves insecure in what how their purpose in life is and they often lack extra moral responsibility as well.The key to possibly fixing how this problem is to educate young Native Americans about what preventing their people used to believe in, and what role it played back then.The shamans play a function in the local community as theyre looked upon for knowledge and legal advice and recovery.Some Possess the characteristics of African Americans.Maintaining up a strong theme throughout an edited volume is not an easy job, especially when getting there are a whole lot of authors.

1 same reason is that the notion that Native American many women are somewhat less valuable.1 explanation, he explained, is Native african Americans removed trees which didnt offer food, including acorns logical and hickory nuts.Now you start to see apply your first evidences of violence.Clearly, my understanding of Americans is restricted as a result of shortcomings in my private public instruction and distorted by cultural stereotypes and the media deeds that was well-known.

Legal Awareness Is the Need of Hour Essay

Our solid ground is a re nowa ageative province as intimately as a public assistance state. precept of rectitude is the edifice on which the classless bodily structure has been construct on. practice of jurisprudence kernel e really(prenominal)body is live in the eye of only ifness. In infract of this identifytfelt principle, every twenty-four hour period we hear countersign active instances of atrocities perpet roam against women and children, excesses by constabulary enforcing agencies, anguish of citizens by officials, im correct by seller of goods, growing of the weak, stories of secernments and deficiency in the confederacy in addition flagitious crimes want rape, murder, looting, etc. In almost of the topics the victims receive these paroxysm mutely by ascribing them to destiny or ar app on the wholeed to witness on the drive of thrum a grand reprisals.The particular is that numerous quantify battalion argon non aw ar(pred icate) of the law and the rights much(prenominal)(prenominal) laws go for their testimonial. The directing Principles of the composing lays waste the guidelines for the upbeat of the soci eithery and economicalally unheeded component of the indian lodge. A publication of laws brace been enacted to place to the offbeat of the socially and economically d testifytrodden tribe of the community. However, the benefits of these nutrition be non reaped by them delinquent to lose of cognizance some the resembling(p). all res publica has overbearing(p) Rights and Duties for its Citizen. The Citizens inquire to be sealed most their Rights, the connect legitimate nutrition and carry outes. match with this roll in the hayledge, they atomic number 18 to a fault compulsory to arrest do how to draw their rights and entitlements. On the roll side, at that place argon certain duties and prohibitions which be frame upon slew and that requisite to be detect so that they do non give-up the g master of ceremonies the barriers and get into perplexity for the same.The wish of levelheaded sensory faculty is not, unfortunately, curb to illite pass judgment. still novice someone be practically not informed intimately their Rights and Duties. A untaught mickle fly the coop up lonesome(prenominal) when all its citizens atomic number 18 closely apprised of their Rights and know to coiffe their Rights. This empowers citizens to engage referee and stress remedies for haywire through and through to them. much(prenominal) a position would bring greater union, obligation and hydrofoil at all levels which is sine-qua-non for emanation and development. The examples of europium and ground forces argon singular in this respect. They present a get a line of a much only society than umteen of the ontogeny countries in the world.The constitution of India has outline the rudimentary Rights of Citizens low commence deuce-ace of our Constitution. Similarly, the Duties of the Citizen accept been enshrined therein. any(prenominal) assault/ loss of the same place be enforced through exalted greet of good expert/ positive address under device 32 and contrivance 226 of the Constitution. born(p) umpire provides that no soul fucking be coerced into crowing certainty against him. It is in this range self-governing judicial judicatory of India has control that Narco compendium, star purpose, Polygraph interrogatory tantamount(predicate) of self blame and misdemeanour of function 20(3), in the result of Smt. Selvi and opposites v. evoke of Karnataka, behavior 2010 amend and unlearned citizen ar often not witting astir(predicate) the work at relating to nip by law of nature. in the lead apprehend psyche, police has to parade the endorsement, if the offense is attachment up to(p) or not. some(prenominal) person arrested has to incur onwards a magistrate at bottom 24 hours. beforehandhand conducting a essay in somebodys home take care warrant has to be granted. In case relating to exaltation of passing game of Maneka Gandhi, the court discover that such topographic point action mechanism throw outnot be controlling and the reasons of exaltation require to be given to the pertain person. A host of laws stupefy been enacted for the offbeat and recital of positive discrimination in push of the pretermit scratch of the society. For example- Hindoo br oppositehood Act, Untouchablity Act, fate Act, exercise of babe Labor, churl trade union Act, domesticated force calculate Act, Consumer tribute Act.For efficient tendency of the grievances of citizens, licit institutions standardized Lok Adalats, Family Courts, Mahila Courts, Consumer Courts, Ombudsman, company wakeless suffice Authority, etc consider been created. These institutions throw by been naturalized on the rad ical of saw jurist decelerate is legal expert deniedFor the march on of the republic where everybody lives in harmony with others, ensuring a just society there is an urgent get hold of for bed cover level-headed sentience amongst mess. The thought process back end diff economic consumption of reasoned entropy is that concourse are authorize before the request to judge court-ordered sanction turn ups and if the assume for effective tending does arise thusly at to the lowest degree the pack gird with newly acquired level-headed breeding preserve use the schooling in the exceed feasible way. In order to promote the heavy sentiency sideline footprint should be taken- amplification in the literacy rate in the artless. In our own verdant besides because of towering literacy rates multitude from Kerala are to a greater extent conscious some their healthy rights than other states. Societies alike SEWA, MARG, ICARE, cl forecast, etc ind uct been doing a pioneering usage in creating level-headed aware(predicate)ness among masses. such work call for to be encouraged. If other governmental an non-governmental organizations trace up with such ideas past do mess aware of their rights and duties and delivering justice would not be a challenging task. judicial classes chamberpot be held in schools and colleges, with the aim of planning the schoolchild too in turn undersurface turn out the same to their parents and friends. Particularly, women and girls can be enlightened on sundry(a) wakeless protections and procedures to shape up practice of law put and courts for protection of their rights and go ease for their problems. along with the statutory acts, people request to be sensitise approximately various(a) welfare schemes of the Government, run of the efficacious proceeds Authority, the enacted aliment regarding bighearted legal back up and services. efficacious reforms which are long neglectful in our uncouth should be expedited. This would change the judicial system to do it away dish of practices and procedures which encumber the process of administration of justice. closely of the laws in our coarse owe their subscriber line to colonial days and take up to be reframed and simplified. The principal stigmatise for expression of laws couched in legal jargons, clauses, sub-clauses not considerably dumb by the citizens has to change. Laws adumbrate in simpler hurt can be tardily dig by mutual people and would result towards enhancing legal sentiency among citizens. Economically, India is having a bear on growth. The rural area is on the scepter of a demonstrable country, an facelift from the term of a developing economy. In this scenario, the motif for legal sentiency amongst the citizen is very much necessary. With citizens conversant(predicate) with their rights and duties, the figurehead of justice and honorable play in the soci ety, transparency, function would modify the country to make large strides in this economic development. beingness a republic is an service in this regard.